On smooth or 0/1 designs of the fixed-mesh element-based topology optimization

The traditional element-based topology optimization based on material penalization typically aims at a 0/1 design. Our numerical experiments reveal that the compliance of smooth design is overestimated when properties boundary intermediate elements under fixed-mesh finite element analysis are interpolated with model. This paper proposes floating projection (FPTO) method for seeking using ersatz model or proposed constraint combining upper and lower bounds heuristically simulates constraints variables in original discrete problem. Numerical examples demonstrate capability approach obtaining designs 2D 3D minimization problems. can be easily implemented framework provides an alternative way to form explicit topologies structures, especially adopted.